Common copy compression

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, methods, and computer storage media directed to hosting a plurality of copies of a digital content. A common component and one or more individual components from one or more copies of the digital content are generated. As such, the common component and the one or more individual components are stored, such that each individual component in conjunction with the common component represents a separate copy of the digital content. In some implementations, a compression ratio may be customized for determining the sizing of the common component and individual component.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S.application Ser. No. 14/619,173, filed Feb. 11, 2015, entitled “CommonCopy Compression,” which is a continuation of and claims priority fromU.S. application Ser. No. 14/470,593, filed Aug. 27, 2014, entitled“Common Copy Compression,” all of which are assigned or under obligationof assignment to the same entity as this application, the entirecontents of each application being herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Consumer access to digital media has progressively moved towardsserver-based storage solutions, otherwise known as the “cloud.”Consumers benefit from having a single access point for storing andaccessing digital media because they are no longer required to maintainseparate copies of the digital media over multiple devices. Cloudservice providers, however, must maintain and distribute a separate copyof a common digital media for each licensed consumer. Providers now facethe challenge of meeting the ever-increasing storage demands ofconsumers, while staying within the parameters of copyright laws anddigital media licensing requirements.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate to hosting copies of adigital content. In one embodiment, a plurality of unique butsubstantially similar copies of a digital content are hosted. A commoncomponent, containing a portion of digital content that is common to theplurality of unique but substantially similar copies of the digitalcontent, and a plurality of individual components each containing aunique portion of the digital content, are extracted from the pluralityof unique but substantially similar copies of the digital content. Thecommon component and plurality of individual components are storedinstead of storing the plurality of unique but substantially similarcopies of the digital content, so as to reduce hosting storage spacerequirements.

In another embodiment, a common component and an individual componentfrom one or more copies of the digital content is generated. The commoncomponent and a plurality of copies of the individual component are thenstored, with each copy of the individual component in conjunction withthe common component representing a copy of the digital content. In someimplementations, a compression ratio is determined for the copies of thedigital content. The compression ratio may affect the size of the commoncomponent and/or the individual component. In some instances, thegeneration of a common component during compression can produce residualerrors. Depending on the compression ratio, the residual errors may bestored as a single residual component to be shared by each copy of theindividual component for reconstruction of the digital content, orstored as a plurality of copies of the residual component, each copy ofthe residual component corresponding to a copy of the individualcomponent for reconstruction of the digital content.

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subjectmatter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to theattached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a system for hosting a plurality ofcopies of a digital content on one or more computing devices inaccordance with various embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a system for hosting a plurality ofcopies of a digital content based on a high compression ratio inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a system for hosting a plurality ofcopies of a digital content based on a low compression ratio inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing exemplary components of a system forencoding a digital content according to various embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing exemplary components of a system fordecoding a digital content according to various embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a method for facilitating performanceof encoding component functionality according to various embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a method for facilitating performanceof encoding component functionality in accordance with a compressionratio provided by a user according to one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a method for hosting a plurality ofunique but substantially similar copies of a digital content; and

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing environment suitablefor use in implementing embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various terms are used throughout this description. Although moredetails regarding various terms are provided throughout thisdescription, general definitions of some terms are included below toprovider a clearer understanding of the ideas disclosed herein:

As used herein, a “digital content” generally refers to an electronicdata file. In some cases, a digital content can be a video file, audiofile, or any other digital media file. In other cases, a digital contentcan be a data file, application, game, or any other digital data file.The digital content can be a particular presentation commonly licensedor owned by a plurality of users. For instance, the digital content canbe a digital recording of a particular television show. In otherinstances, the digital content can be one of a plurality of digitalrecordings of the same television show, each digital recording beingrecorded and licensed by a unique user. In such cases, each of thedigital recordings comprise substantially similar content, whilemaintaining unique identifying elements (e.g., user id, sourceinformation, total length, start time, end time, metadata, etc.). Insome cases, substantially similar digital recordings of the samepresentation may share anywhere from about 60% to about 100% commoncontent. As such, when hosting multiple copies of a digital content,embodiments may pertain to multiple copies that are either identical toeach other or substantially similar. When hosting substantially similarbut unique copies, a majority of the digital content data is identicalor “common”, while the remaining data is unique to each individual copy.

A “component” generally refers to a portion of digital content data. Insome cases, a component can be a “common component,” which is thecounterpart to an “individual component.” In one embodiment, the commoncomponent can comprise a common portion of the digital content data,where the digital content data is the portion of digital content that isidentical in each unique but substantially similar copy of the digitalcontent. In other embodiments, the common component can comprise theportion of data that is common to and shared by all individualcomponents for decoding and/or recreating the digital content (e.g., acodebook for decoding). In other cases, a component can be an individualcomponent, which is the counterpart to a common component. In oneembodiment, the individual component can be comprised of a uniqueportion of digital content data specific to the unique copy from whichthe individual component originated. In other words, the unique portionof the digital content data corresponds to one of a plurality of uniquebut substantially similar copies of a digital content. In otherembodiments, the individual component can be comprised of one or moreindex files, with each index file representing a separate and uniquecopy of the digital content for each user. Each index file must use atleast the shared common component (e.g., a codebook) for decoding and/orrecreation of the digital content.

As used herein, “common copy compression” refers to a process ofbreaking down one or more digital content data files into a commoncomponent and individual components. Both common and individualcomponents are smaller than the data file from which they were created.As described herein, the common component is a single data portion thatis common to and shared by all individual components, whereas theindividual components are separate portions that represent unique andseparate copies of the digital content. In some aspects, each unique butsubstantially similar copy of a digital content will share a commoncomponent and have a separate individual component corresponding to andrepresenting the unique and separate copy. In some other aspects, acompression algorithm is used for encoding or mapping digital contentinput vectors into a common component and a plurality of individualcomponents, with each copy of the index file being generated and storedfor each user. As described herein, each user's individual copy canmaintain a reduced form of the original content. A compression algorithmmay utilize, for example, vector quantization, which is based on amotivation of dimensionality reduction or data compression.

A “compression ratio” generally refers to a value for determining theamount of compression applied to the digital content data file. Thecompression ratio can be a value that is predetermined, input by anadministrator, or calculated by the computing device. The compressionratio can affect the size of the encoded common component and/orindividual components produced by the common copy compression algorithm.The compression ratio can be a value, percentage, or fractionrepresentative of an amount of compression to-be-performed by thecomputing device. For example, the compression ratio can be a number ona compression scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being minimal compressionresulting in a small common component and large individual components,and 10 being maximum compression resulting in a large common componentand small individual components. Similarly, compression ratios can berepresented by percentage scales of 0% to 100% or a fractional scale of0/1 to 1/1.

“Vector quantization,” as described herein, is a process of compressinga digital content data file into smaller data portions. Moreparticularly, the process encodes a large set of input vectors byfinding a smaller set of representative codebook vectors for providingan approximation to the original input space. In some cases,representative codebook vectors can be determined using a nearestneighbor condition, wherein the encoding region should consist of allvectors that are closer to a particular codebook vector than any othercodebook vector. In other cases, representative codebook vectors can bedetermined using a centroid condition, wherein a particular codebookvector should be the average of all vectors that are in an encodingregion.

A “codebook” generally refers to a set of parameters used to decodedata. In more detail, the codebook is collection of representativecodebook vectors, also known as codewords. A codeword refers to acodebook vector determined to be the closest vector in Euclideandistance from the input vector. The codebook can be used to representthe portion of the digital content that is common to a plurality ofindex files. As will be described, the codebook can be used with acorresponding index file for decoding and reconstructing the digitalcontent.

An “index file” generally refers to a collection of indices forreferencing the codebook. In more detail, the index file includescodeword indices that offer the lowest amount of distortion. The indexfile can be used to represent a single unique copy of the digitalcontent. As will be described, the index file is used with the commoncomponent for decoding and reconstructing the digital content.

A “residual error” refers to portions of the digital content inputvectors that potentially may not be stored in the codebook as a resultof input vector decomposition during vector quantization. As will bedescribed herein, residual errors can still be used with a codebook andan index file for decoding and reconstructing the digital content.Residual errors, as referenced herein, are generally produced as aresult of encoding digital content using lossy compression schemes, suchas vector quantization.

As used herein, the “cloud” refers to a wide area network (WAN) commonlydepicted as a cloud, often referring to the Internet, and more preciselyto some datacenter full of servers connected thereto. In some cases, thecloud can be the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide areanetwork (WAN), or any combination thereof.

As used herein, “encoding” is the process of applying a specific code oralgorithm to data for conversion into an equivalent cipher. In somecases, the process of encoding can include generating smalleridentifiable components from a digital content data file. The componentscan be individually unique and/or commonly used by other components. Inother cases, encoding can include parsing or extracting a common dataportion and a plurality of unique data portions (also referred to hereinas “extracting”), both the common and unique data portions being smallerin size than the original data file. In some other cases, encoding canalso parse out or extract a residual data portion.

On the other hand, “decoding” is the reverse process of encoding.Decoding converts encoded data communication transmissions and filesback to their original states. In other words, the process of decodingreconstructs a data file by merging together smaller identifiableportions (also referred to herein as “reconstructing”). The portionsfrom which the data file is reconstructed can be individually uniqueand/or commonly used by other portions.

As used herein, “compression” refers to the process of modifying,encoding or converting the bits structure of data in such a way that itconsumes less space on disk. In some cases, compression can be lossless,such that no information is discarded as a result of the compressionalgorithm used for encoding. In other cases, compression can be lossy,such that the algorithm can look for recurring patterns in a data fileand replace occurrences of the recurring pattern portions with shortabbreviations, thereby reducing the file size.

As used herein, “extracting” refers to the process of separatingportions of data from a plurality of unique but substantially similarcopies of digital content based on similarities and/or differencesbetween each copy. In some aspects, extraction can be performed bycomparing each copy to one another to determine the commonalitiesbetween one another, followed by dissecting the common portion from eachcopy, thereby determining and creating the common component. As such,the remaining portions from each copy remain as the individualcomponents. In some other aspects, extraction can be performed byrecursive algorithms, which extract and build portions of individualcomponents as copies of digital content are compared to one another. Assuch, after recursively traversing through each copy, a common componentwill ultimately form as a result of the comparison and extractionprocess. Other algorithms and processes for extracting common andindividual components are considered within the scope of the invention.

The subject matter of the present invention is described withspecificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, thedescription itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent.Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject mattermight also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps orcombinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, inconjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover,although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connotedifferent elements of methods employed, the terms should not beinterpreted as implying any particular order among or between varioussteps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individualsteps is explicitly described.

As digital data storage moves aggressively toward server-based “cloud”solutions, local storage becomes increasingly less significant. A localstorage solution, such as a hard drive that is physically close to one'sperson, presents the user with a variety of restrictions that areovercome by cloud-based storage solutions. For example, if a usercreates a document on their local computing device and saves thedocument onto the hard drive therein, to access that document at a latertime the user must save that document to a portable storage solution foraccess by another computing device, or make that document accessible byemail or other network-enabled sharing solution. Cloud-based solutionsprovide the user with a simplified experience by allowing the user tosave directly to the cloud and access the same document from anothercloud-accessible device.

Digital media service providers have harnessed the benefits ofcloud-based storage solutions for providing consumers with singlepoint-of-access storage solutions for accessing digital content.Oftentimes, cloud-based digital media solutions such as cloud-basedtelevision, digital video recording (DVR), movie rental, radio,podcasts, etc., all provide multiple users access to a common digitalcontent. Licensing agreements and copyright laws require serviceproviders to host individual copies of a digital content for each userthat is licensed to access the digital content. In other words, if anumber of users are licensed to view a digitally recorded copy of atelevision show stored on the cloud, laws require the cloud servers tomaintain unique copies of the digital content for each individual user.As such, the ever-increasing demand for cloud-based digital media accessresults in rapidly increasing costs for the service providers in effortsto stay ahead of the storage space requirements curve.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to taking many copiesof the same or substantially identical digital content and compressingthe copies to save storage space while maintaining their status asunique and individual file copies. Because all copies of the samedigital content are substantially identical, the copies can berepresented using two components: a common component and an individualcomponent. The common component may be stored once for all copies forthe digital content, and multiple copies of the individual componentstored with each copy of the individual component in conjunction withthe common component representing one of the copies of the digitalcontent.

In some embodiments, where the many copies of the digital content areunique but substantially identical, a common component and an individualcomponent are extracted from each unique copy. The common component,containing the portion of digital content data that is common oridentical between each unique copy, is stored once and referenced byeach unique individual component, as will be described herein. On theother hand, the individual components, each being unique to one anotherand representing the different portions of digital content data betweeneach unique copy is stored. As such, a plurality of individualcomponents and one common component are stored, with each individualcomponent sharing the common component. In some embodiments, theplurality of individual components and the one common component arestored in replacement of the actual many unique copies of the digitalcontent, so as to reduce the amount of storage space used thereby. Eachunique copy, represented by each unique individual component, can bereconstructed using at least a selected individual component and thecommon component and subsequently streamed to the user for consumption.

In another embodiment, a compression algorithm, such as vectorquantization, is used to break digital content into the common componentand an individual component, as will be further described herein, withthe common component containing codebooks and the individual componentcontaining an index file or indices of the vectors after quantization.In some instances, the encoding may result in residual files comprisingresidual errors that are stored with either the common or individualcomponents. Each copy, represented by the index file, can be decodedusing at least the common component and subsequently streamed to theuser for consumption.

In some embodiments, a compression ratio may be customized to affect thesize of the common component, individual components, and/or residualfiles, such that a sliding scale of compression is available to meetservice provider requirements. In particular, some service providers mayprefer that the individual components retain more information from theoriginal content than compared to a highly compressed variation of thesame. Other service providers may see benefit in keeping minimalinformation within the individual components while maintaining moreinformation from the original content within the common component sharedamong the individual components for decoding.

Accordingly, in one aspect, an embodiment of the present invention isdirected to one or more computer storage media storing computer-useableinstructions that, when used by one or more computing devices, cause theone or more computing devices to perform operations for hosting aplurality of copies of a digital content. The operations includegenerating a common component and an individual component. Theoperations further include storing the common component and a pluralityof copies of the individual component, each copy of the individualcomponent representing a copy of the digital content.

In another embodiment of the invention, an aspect is directed to acomputer-implemented method. The method includes determining acompression ratio for a plurality of copies of a digital content. Themethod also includes generating a common component and an individualcomponent from one or more copies of the digital content, the componentsbeing sized based at least upon the compression ratio. The method alsoincludes storing the common component and a plurality of copies of theindividual component, each copy of the individual component representinga copy of the digital content.

A further embodiment is directed to a computerized system for hosting aplurality of copies of a digital content. The system comprises: one ormore processors; and one or more computer storage media storingcomputer-useable instructions that, when used by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: generate a commoncomponent, a plurality of residual errors of the common component, andan individual component from one or more copies of the digital content;compress the residual errors into at least one residual component; andstore the common component, the at least one residual component, and aplurality of copies of the individual component, each copy of theindividual component representing a copy of the digital content.

In another aspect, an embodiment of the present invention is directed toone or more computer storage media storing computer-useable instructionsthat, when used by one or more computing devices, cause the one or morecomputing devices to perform operations for hosting a plurality ofunique but substantially similar copies of a digital content. Theoperations include extracting from the plurality of unique butsubstantially similar copies of the digital content a common componentcontaining a common portion of the digital content and a plurality ofindividual components. Each individual component contains a uniqueportion of the digital content and corresponds to one of the pluralityof unique but substantially similar copies of the digital content. Theoperations further include storing the common component and theplurality of individual components instead of storing the plurality ofunique but substantially similar copies of the digital content so as toreduce hosting storage space requirements.

In another embodiment of the invention, an aspect is directed to acomputer-implemented method. The method includes extracting from aplurality of unique but substantially similar copies of a digitalcontent a common component and a plurality of individual components,each individual component being a unique portion of the digital contentand corresponding to one of the plurality of unique but substantiallysimilar copies of the digital content. The method further includesstoring the common component and the plurality of individual components.Finally, a unique copy of the digital content is reconstructed using thecommon component and a selected individual component.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a schematic depiction is provided illustrating anexemplary system 100 in which some embodiments of the present inventionmay be employed. It should be understood that this and otherarrangements described herein are set forth only as examples. Otherarrangements and elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, functions,orders, groupings of functions, etc.) can be used in addition to orinstead of those shown, and some elements may be omitted altogether.Further, many of the elements described herein are functional entitiesthat may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or inconjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination andlocation. Various functions described herein as being performed by oneor more entities may be carried out by hardware, firmware, and/orsoftware. For instance, various functions may be carried out by aprocessor executing instructions stored in memory.

The system in FIG. 1 includes a plurality of users 102 that accessdigital content over a network 104 (e.g., the internet). In thisexample, a digital content host 106 provides the “cloud” storage serviceto the users 102, and incorporates a common copy compression algorithmto compress the hosted digital content. The host 106 may be one or morecomputing devices comprising two conceptual components: an encodingcomponent 108 for breaking down the digital content into compressedcomponents 110, and a decoding component 112 for reconstructing thecompressed files 110 into the digital content for user 102 consumption.Although the description provided herein is generally directed to anencoder using a compression algorithm based on vector quantization, ascan be appreciated, the systems and methods described could incorporateother types of compression algorithms capable of encoding digitalcontent into a common component and individual components for each user.

As can be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, vectorquantization in compression applications comprises at least an encoderand decoder. In simple terms, a digital content is broken down intoinput vectors. For each input vector, the encoder reads the input vectorand outputs the index of the codeword that offers the lowest amount ofdistortion. In some instances, the lowest distortion is determined bycalculating the Euclidean distances between the input vector and eachcodeword in the codebook. Upon determining the codeword with thesmallest Euclidean distance, the index of that codeword is provided forrecordation in an index file. The decoder, on the other hand, reads theindex file and replaces the recorded indices with the associatedcodeword, thereby rebuilding the input vectors, and ultimatelyreconstructing the digital content.

In more detail, the method of compression generally begins with theencoding component 108, where the source files 114 are, in essence,complete copies of the digital content. The source files 114 themselvesmay be in an uncompressed or compressed state (e.g., mp4, f4v, mp3,etc.). Each source file 114 is an input file that may be processedwithin a vectorizer 116 that breaks down the input file into inputvectors. Vectorization is well-known in the art of digital mediacompression and encoding, and will not be described further herein.Using the common copy compression algorithm, such as vectorquantization, each input vector is encoded or mapped with a codebook 120of vectors that results in minimum error. When the input vector isencoded with the codebook, the closest codeword is found and the indexof that codeword is used to produce parts of an index file 122. Upon thecompletion of the encoding process, all input vectors will have beenencoded with at least one codebook and one index file. The codebookindices, also referred to as the index file 122, may be reproduced torepresent each user copy. In other words, a copy of the index file 122is generated, replicated, and stored for each user 102. In someinstances, the index file 122 can be generated once for each user 102,each from a corresponding unique copy of the digital content source file114, prior to storage. By using the indices of the codebook vectorsinstead of the input vectors, compression is achieved. In someinstances, the encoding process may produce residual errors 124. Theresidual errors may be stored in a single residual file 124 or inseparate residual files 124 corresponding to each index file 122.

The decoding component 112 is generally responsible for decompressingthe source file for streaming the digital content to the user. Thedecoding component 112 generally comprises a decoder 128 thatreconstructs the digital content by locating codewords in the codebook120, as defined by the index file 122. Some embodiments may include areorderer 126 component, essentially reversing the break down processpreviously performed by the vectorizer component 116. Each vector isreassembled into an original state (e.g., pixels, coefficients, etc.)that the input source was in, prior to encoding/vectorization.Ultimately, the decoding component 112 performs the requisite steps todecode the compressed content into a reconstructed source file 130 fordistribution to the user.

The source file 114 may be any type of digital file that is common tomore than one user. For purposes of this disclosure, the source file or“input file,” is a video recording having at least audio and videoportions. The digital content host may be configured to host a pluralityof unique source files to one or more users at any given time. Whetherthe content host is configured to stream the digital content or simplyhost the digital content for storage and/or downloading, the disclosedmethods of data compression using a common copy compression algorithmmay be applicable.

Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram is provided illustrating a system200 for hosting a plurality of copies of a digital content based on ahigh compression ratio in which some embodiments of the presentinvention may be employed. The compression ratio can be any value thatis predetermined by an administrator, input by the administrator priorto encoding, or dynamically variable depending on factors such asstorage space available, source file size, or other calculated valuesresulting from the encoding process. The compression ratio can be avalue, percentage, or fraction representative of an amount ofcompression to-be-performed by the computing device. In either form, thecompression ratio is based on a low-to-high scale, wherein a highcompression ratio maximizes the amount of overall compression for eachrepresentative copy of the digital content, and a low compression ratiominimizes the amount of overall compression for each representative copyof the digital content. In either circumstance, the high or lowcompression ratio will lead to substantial savings in storage space as aresult of encoding the digital content using the common copy compressionalgorithm.

The host may have access to one or more source files 202 to be encodedfor storage and hosting. The input file 204, one of the source files202, may be in an already-compressed state or may be in an uncompressedstate. In some embodiments, the input file may be partitioned intoportions or vectors of type (e.g., video, audio, file headers, motionvectors, decoding parameters, quantized DCT coefficients, and otherseparable portions and housekeeping information). In embodiments wherethe input file is partitioned, each partition can serve as an individualinput file and a codebook can be designed for each partition, as will befurther described herein. The input file 202 is selected from one ormore source files 204 to be encoded by the encoder 206. The input file202 is subsequently “vectorized” or converted into a large set of inputvectors either prior to encoding or during the encoding. Each inputvector in the set is encoded by finding a smaller set of representativecodebook 208 vectors that provide a good approximation to the originalinput space. For each type partition, an additional codebook 210 may beused.

As can be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, standardvector quantization methods typically use a large representativetraining set for designing codebooks 208,210 and such methods may beimplemented herein. In an alternative embodiment, the codebook 208 orcodebooks 208,210 can be trained while encoding with the input vectors,or in other words “on the fly.” For example, the process of clusteringinput vectors to different groups based on a distance measure andchoosing the centroid of that group as the codebook vector is used fortraining. However, in some embodiments, when a distance measure is abovea certain threshold, a new codebook vector can be added. In otherembodiments, residual errors may result as part of the encoding process.

In some embodiments, when residual errors are produced, the errors mayoptionally be stored, one or more per residual file 212. In furtherembodiments, the residual errors can be compressed with a smallercodebook vector quantization, or with a traditional entropy codingtechnique such as Huffman coding, with the residual errors stored one ormore per file.

The index file 214, including the indices of the vectors from thecodebooks 208,210, represents the unique nature of the input file 204.In the illustrated embodiment, the index file 214, including indices ofthe codebook vectors, is replicated in each copy 216,218 of the indexfile 214. The individual components 226, also illustrated as thecollection of index files 214,216,218, corresponds to a unique user220,222,224, respectively. When the unique user initiates a request toaccess their copy of the digital content (copy or instance of the inputfile 204), the user's corresponding index file is used in conjunctionwith the common components 228 for decoding and reconstruction of theinput file 204. The index file 214 and respective copies thereof 216,218may include indices that vary in size depending on vector length and/orcodebook size. In some embodiments, the vector length and codebook sizemay also determine the compression ratio and the encoding complexity. Itis within the scope of this invention to consider customizable vectorlengths and codebook sizes for altering the compression ratio, or tosimplify the customization of compression ratio determination frompredetermined or direct administrator input values, as previouslydiscussed.

In embodiments where the system 200 is configured for hosting aplurality of copies of a digital content based on a high compressionratio, the encoder 206 compresses the input file 204 into a commoncomponent 228 and a plurality of individual components 226. In someembodiments, one or more codebooks 208,210 may be created and utilizeddepending on whether the input file 204 is partitioned into portions ofvarying type. In other embodiments, the encoding process can produceresidual errors which may be stored collectively over one or moreresidual files 212. In the illustrated embodiment, a high compressionratio results in an encoding process that produces a single residualfile 212 that collects the residual errors to be shared amongst theindividual components 226 when decoding. In some embodiments, alteringthe size of the codebooks 208,210, can change the size of the individualcomponents 226. Having a high compression ratio, codebook 208,210 sizeand vector lengths are maximized and paired with a single residual file212 for making up the common components 228, thereby resulting inminimally sized individual components 226 and thus minimal use ofstorage space for representing each unique copy of the digital content.In some embodiments, the highest compression ratio results in individualcomponents having data representing only portions of data unique to itscorresponding copy of the digital content, while the common componenthas data representing only the portion of data common to all copies ofthe digital content.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a system 300 is configured for hosting aplurality of copies of a digital content based on a low compressionratio. As previously described, the host may have access to one or moresource files 302 to be encoded for storage and hosting. The input file304, one of the source files 302, may be in an already-compressed stateor may be in an uncompressed state. In some embodiments, the input file304 may be partitioned into portions or vectors of type (e.g., video,audio, file headers, motion vectors, decoding parameters, quantized DCTcoefficients, and other separable portions and housekeepinginformation). In embodiments where the input file 304 is partitioned,each partition can serve as an individual input file and a codebook canbe designed for each partition.

As described hereinabove, varying levels of compression are achieved bychanging the arrangement and format of the common components 308. By wayof example, the size of the individual components 314, particularly theindex files 316,318,320, are a direct function of the codebook 310,312sizes. Moreover, an input file 304 may produce residual errors duringencoding (i.e., when using lossy compression schemes) that can be storedas one or more common components 308, or alternatively as one or moreresidual files 322,324,326. In the illustrated embodiment, the system300 utilizes a low compression ratio for minimizing the amount ofcompression used for all individual components 314. An exemplary systemfor maintaining individual components with minimal compression has acommon component comprising one or more codebooks 310,312 and individualcomponents 314 each comprising index files 316,318,320 and correspondingresidual files 322,324,326. As such, this conservative approachfacilitates the maintenance of individual copies of information leastremoved from the input file, but still representative of the input filefor each user 328,330,332.

Turning now to FIG. 4, a block diagram illustrates components of theprocess for compressing a digital content in a system for hosting aplurality of copies of the digital content in accordance withembodiments of the invention. The encoding process 400 begins by readinga source file 402, representing a digital content, and transforming thesource file into input vectors using the vectorizer 404. The vectorizer404, which includes the process for source file to vectortransformation, is well known in the art as “vectorization” and will notbe described further herein. The source file 402 in input vector formcan now be read by the encoder 406. Using a compression algorithm, suchas vector quantization, the encoder 406 maps the input vectors with acodebook 408 of vectors resulting in minimum error. Compression isachieved by using the indices of the codebook 408 vectors instead of theinput vectors. The indices are stored in an index file 410, the indexfile representing one copy of the digital content in a compressed state.The index file 410 can then be copied as many times as necessary, suchthat each copy of the index file represents a unique copy of the digitalcontent.

With regards to decompression of the index file, a block diagramillustrating the components of the process for decompressing the digitalcontent is shown in FIG. 5. The decoding process 500 begins by readingthe index file 502 with the decoder 504. The decoder 504 takes the indexfile 502, which references indices of the codebook 506 vectors, andlooks up the references to begin reordering of the source file. As eachindex reference to a codebook vector is read from the index file 502,the decoder 504 takes codebook vectors and uses the recoveredinformation to reconstruct the source file. Some embodiments may includea reorderer 508 for reordering the codebook indices after each decodingoperation, improving lookup efficiency. The reconstructed source 510 maybe partially or completely decoded or decompressed for consumption bythe user. Partial reconstruction may be applicable in embodiments wheredecoding is performed “on the fly.” The process of decoding an indexfile using a codebook, particularly with respect to decoding in vectorquantization applications, is well known in the art and additionaldetails will not be described further herein.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a flow diagram is provided that illustrates amethod for hosting a plurality of copies of a digital content. As shownat block 602, a common component and an individual component from one ormore copies of the digital content are generated. Subsequently, at block604, the common component and a plurality of copies of the individualcomponent is stored, with each copy of the individual componentrepresenting a copy of the digital content.

The individual components can also be sized based at least upon acompression ratio. Each of the plurality of individual components isstored in memory and represents each of the plurality of copies of thedigital content for each user. The compression ratio may bepredetermined and stored in memory for use, calculated in real-time as aresult of system demands (i.e., available storage space), or input by anadministrator of the system. In some embodiments, the compression ratiomay be determined by a codebook size defined by the number of codevectors and a code vector length for each codebook being used in theencoding process. The compression ratio may determine the amount ofcompression applied to each user's individual copy or representationthereof. Some administrators may prefer maximum savings of storagespace, requiring a high compression ratio. In other circumstances, theadministrator may still prefer substantial savings of storage spacewhile maintaining significant amounts of information representative ofeach user's individual copy or representation thereof, thereby promptinga lower compression ratio.

In further embodiments, the compression ratio may affect how the systemhandles the residual errors, as illustrated in FIG. 7. Moreparticularly, the residual errors can either be stored in a singleresidual file to be shared between the plurality of index files fordecoding, replicated and stored in a residual file corresponding to eachof the plurality of index files for decoding, or uniquely encoded foreach of the plurality of index files for decoding. In more detail,residual errors can occur as a result of encoding a previouslycompressed digital content, but may also occur as a result of encodinguncompressed digital content. As described above, residual errors aregenerally produced when using a lossy compression scheme, such as vectorquantization, for encoding the digital content. Depending on the amountof compression the administrator requires for each representative copyof the digital content, residual errors can be configured as a commoncomponent shared by each representative copy or index file, or as uniquefiles that correspond to each representative copy or index file.

The application of vector quantization in compression applicationsprovides that a codebook includes a plurality of code vectors, whereeach code vector provides an approximation to at least one of theplurality of input vectors. The individual components each compriseindices that correspond to at least one of the plurality of code vectorsfor decoding. Standard methods of vector quantization generally apply alarge representative training set that is used for designing thecodebooks. In some embodiments of the present invention, the codebookdesign can use all input vectors from source files for training. By wayof background, input vectors are typically clustered to different groupsbased on a distance measure. A centroid of that group is determined asthe codebook vector and is typically used for training. As such,centroid calculation results in generating codebook vectors. Newcodebook vectors are typically added by splitting codebook vectors insome fashion (i.e., using random perturbation). Based on the newly addedcodebook vectors, a training set is partitioned, leading to newcentroids which become the new codebook vectors. This process isgenerally repeated until the required codebook size is reached. In someembodiments, training of codebook vectors can be performed during theencoding process, or in other words “on the fly”, such that codebookvectors are either updated or added during encoding. For example,centroids of a group of input vectors may be adjusted as new inputvectors are measured in the codebook. As centroids are adjusted,codebook vectors are updated. Moreover, as input vector distances fromcentroids exceed a predetermined distance threshold, new codebookvectors may be added and centroids may be readjusted in real-time.

In some embodiments, compression of a digital content can be performedby partitioning the digital content file into vectors of type, such asaudio, video, file headers, and/or other housekeeping information.Videos can be further partitioned into portions using motion vectors,decoding parameters, quantized DCT coefficients, and more. Applicationof such partitioning methods may be readily applied to audio and datafiles as well. Partitioning and encoding the digital content will resultin individual codebooks for each partition of the digital content. Infurther embodiments, a partitioned digital content having been encodedusing the common copy compression algorithm will have separate codebooksand possibly separate index files for each data type. In such anembodiment, separate codebooks for each data type may be designed for aset of files identified to share common characteristics (e.g., sameencoding source, same bit rates, etc.).

Referring now to FIG. 7, a flow diagram is provided that illustrates amethod for hosting a plurality of copies of a digital content. As shownat block 702, a compression ratio for copies of a digital content isdetermined. Subsequently, at block 704, a common component, a pluralityof residual errors, and an individual component are generated from oneor more copies of a digital content. The individual components are sizedbased at least upon the compression ratio. Each of the plurality ofindividual components is stored in memory and represents each of theplurality of copies of the digital content for each user. As describedabove, the compression ratio may determine the size of the commoncomponent and individual components.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, the compression ratio may affect theconfiguration and handling or storage of residual errors produced duringthe encoding process. During the encoding process, if the compressionratio is determined to be high 708, the system may be configured tostore the residual errors into a single residual component or file to beshared by each of the individual components for decoding. In thealternative, if the compression ratio is determined to be low 710, thesystem may be configured to store the residual errors into a residualcomponent or file for each of the individual components for decoding. Itis considered that the desire to maintain the maximum amount ofinformation for each representative copy of the digital content will beconfigured to have a low compression ratio, resulting in smallercodebooks, larger index files, and possibly having residual componentsfor each representative copy or index file. It is within the scope ofthe invention to consider that the residual components or files can bealternatively configured such that even with a low compression ratio, acommon residual component or file is used by each representative copy orindex file.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a flow diagram is provided that illustrates amethod for hosting a plurality of unique but substantially similarcopies of a digital content. As shown at block 802, a common componentand a plurality of individual components are extracted from a pluralityof unique but substantially similar copies of a digital content. Thecommon component contains a common portion of the digital content, whileeach individual component contains a unique portion of the digitalcontent and corresponds to one of the plurality of unique butsubstantially similar copies of the digital content. Subsequently, atblock 804, the common component and the plurality of individualcomponents are stored. The single, shared common component, and theplurality of individual components, all sized considerably smaller thanthe sum of each digital content copy, is stored in replacement of alldigital content copies so as to significantly reduce the amount ofstorage space used thereby.

Having described embodiments of the present invention, an exemplaryoperating environment in which embodiments of the present invention maybe implemented is described below in order to provide a general contextfor various aspects of the present invention. Referring initially toFIG. 9 in particular, an exemplary operating environment forimplementing embodiments of the present invention is shown anddesignated generally as computing device 900. Computing device 900 isbut one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intendedto suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of theinvention. Neither should the computing device 900 be interpreted ashaving any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combinationof components illustrated.

The invention may be described in the general context of computer codeor machine-useable instructions, including computer-executableinstructions such as program modules, being executed by a computer orother machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handhelddevice. Generally, program modules including routines, programs,objects, components, data structures, etc., refer to code that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Theinvention may be practiced in a variety of system configurations,including hand-held devices, consumer electronics, general-purposecomputers, more specialty computing devices, etc. The invention may alsobe practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks areperformed by remote-processing devices that are linked through acommunications network.

With reference to FIG. 9, computing device 900 includes a bus 910 thatdirectly or indirectly couples the following devices: memory 912, one ormore processors 914, one or more presentation components 916,input/output (I/O) ports 918, input/output components 920, and anillustrative power supply 922. Bus 910 represents what may be one ormore busses (such as an address bus, data bus, or combination thereof).Although the various blocks of FIG. 9 are shown with lines for the sakeof clarity, in reality, delineating various components is not so clear,and metaphorically, the lines would more accurately be grey and fuzzy.For example, one may consider a presentation component such as a displaydevice to be an I/O component. Also, processors have memory. Theinventor recognizes that such is the nature of the art, and reiteratesthat the diagram of FIG. 9 is merely illustrative of an exemplarycomputing device that can be used in connection with one or moreembodiments of the present invention. Distinction is not made betweensuch categories as “workstation,” “server,” “laptop,” “hand-helddevice,” etc., as all are contemplated within the scope of FIG. 9 andreference to “computing device.”

Computing device 900 typically includes a variety of computer-readablemedia. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can beaccessed by computing device 900 and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way ofexample, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprisecomputer storage media and communication media. Computer storage mediaincludes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removablemedia implemented in any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modulesor other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to,RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM,digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store thedesired information and which can be accessed by computing device 900.Computer storage media does not comprise signals per se. Communicationmedia typically embodies computer-readable instructions, datastructures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signalsuch as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes anyinformation delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example,and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as awired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such asacoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any ofthe above should also be included within the scope of computer-readablemedia.

Memory 912 includes computer-storage media in the form of volatileand/or nonvolatile memory. The memory may be removable, non-removable,or a combination thereof. Exemplary hardware devices include solid-statememory, hard drives, optical-disc drives, etc. Computing device 900includes one or more processors that read data from various entitiessuch as memory 912 or I/O components 920. Presentation component(s) 916present data indications to a user or other device. Exemplarypresentation components include a display device, speaker, printingcomponent, vibrating component, etc.

I/O ports 918 allow computing device 900 to be logically coupled toother devices including I/O components 920, some of which may be builtin. Illustrative components include a microphone, joystick, game pad,satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, etc. The I/Ocomponents 920 may provide a natural user interface (NUI) that processesair gestures, voice, or other physiological inputs generated by a user.In some instances, inputs may be transmitted to an appropriate networkelement for further processing. An NUI may implement any combination ofspeech recognition, stylus recognition, facial recognition, biometricrecognition, gesture recognition both on screen and adjacent to thescreen, air gestures, head and eye tracking, and touch recognition (asdescribed in more detail below) associated with a display of thecomputing device 900. The computing device 900 may be equipped withdepth cameras, such as stereoscopic camera systems, infrared camerasystems, RGB camera systems, touchscreen technology, and combinations ofthese, for gesture detection and recognition. Additionally, thecomputing device 900 may be equipped with accelerometers or gyroscopesthat enable detection of motion. The output of the accelerometers orgyroscopes may be provided to the display of the computing device 900 torender immersive augmented reality or virtual reality.

As can be understood, embodiments of the present invention provide for,among other things, hosting a plurality of copies of a digital content.The present invention has been described in relation to particularembodiments, which are intended in all respects to be illustrativerather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art to which the present inventionpertains without departing from its scope.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one welladapted to attain all the ends and objects set forth above, togetherwith other advantages which are obvious and inherent to the system andmethod. It will be understood that certain features and subcombinationsare of utility and may be employed without reference to other featuresand subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope ofthe claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. One or more computer storage media storingcomputer-useable instructions that, when used by one or more computingdevices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform operationsfor hosting copies of a digital content, the operations comprising:generating a common component that corresponds to a plurality of copiesof the digital content, and a plurality of individual components thateach corresponds to one of the plurality of copies of the digitalcontent; and storing the common component and the plurality ofindividual components, each individual component representing one of theplurality of copies of the digital content.
 2. The one or more computerstorage media of claim 1, wherein the common component and the pluralityof individual components are each stored as independent files instead ofthe plurality of copies of the digital content, so as to reduce arequired amount of storage space from a first required amount associatedwith at least the plurality of copies of the digital content to a secondrequired amount associated with at least the common component and theplurality of individual components.
 3. The one or more computer storagemedia of claim 1, the operations further comprising: reconstructing aparticular copy from the plurality of copies of the digital contentusing at least the common component and a selected individual componentfrom the plurality of individual components.
 4. The one or more computerstorage media of claim 3, wherein the reconstructing is initiated uponreceiving a request to provide the particular copy of the digitalcontent, and wherein the selected individual component is identifiedbased at least upon the request.
 5. The one or more computer storagemedia of claim 1, the operations further comprising: obtaining acompression ratio for the plurality of copies of the digital content,wherein each of the plurality of individual components is sized based atleast upon the obtained compression ratio.
 6. The one or more computerstorage media of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of individualcomponents is an encoded version of one of the plurality of copies ofthe digital content, wherein the common component is a codebook fordecoding each of the individual components, and wherein the codebook isgenerated as the plurality of copies of the digital content is encoded.7. The one or more computer storage media of claim 6, wherein each ofthe plurality of individual components is generated using vectorquantization.
 8. The one or more computer storage media of claim 6,wherein each copy of the digital content is substantially identical,wherein the common component is a single codebook generated by at leastencoding the plurality of copies of the digital content, and whereineach of the plurality of individual components is substantiallyidentical.
 9. The one or more computer storage media of claim 1, whereinthe generating step further generates at least one residual componentthat includes residual errors of the common component required forreconstructing.
 10. A computer-implemented method for hosting copies ofa digital content, the method comprising: generating a common componentthat corresponds to the plurality of copies of the digital content, anda plurality of individual components that each corresponds to one of theplurality of copies of the digital content; and storing the commoncomponent and the plurality of individual components, each individualcomponent representing one of the plurality of copies of the digitalcontent.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein thecommon component and the plurality of individual components are eachstored as independent files instead of the plurality of copies of thedigital content, so as to reduce a required amount of storage space froma first required amount associated with at least the plurality of copiesof the digital content to a second required amount associated with atleast the common component and the plurality of individual components.12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: reconstructing aparticular copy from the plurality of copies of the digital contentusing at least the common component and a selected individual componentfrom the plurality of individual components.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein the reconstructing is initiated upon receiving a request toprovide the particular copy of the digital content, and wherein theselected individual component is identified based at least upon therequest.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the generating step furthergenerates at least one residual component including residual errors ofthe common component required for reconstructing.
 15. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the digital content includes at least an audio portionand a video portion, and further comprising partitioning each of theplurality of copies of the digital content into at least the audioportion and the video portion prior to generating the common componentand the plurality of individual components.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein each copy of the digital content further includes an elementhaving at least one of file headers, motion vectors, decodingparameters, and quantized DCT coefficients.
 17. The method of claim 11,wherein each of the plurality of individual components is an encodedversion of one of the plurality of copies of the digital content, andwherein the common component is a codebook for decoding each of theplurality of individual components.
 18. The method of claim 11, whereinthe plurality of individual components is generated using vectorquantization.
 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising: obtaininga compression ratio for the plurality of copies of the digital content,and wherein each of the plurality of individual components is sizedbased at least upon the obtained compression ratio.
 20. A computerizedsystem for hosting copies of a digital content, the system comprising:one or more processors; and one or more computer storage media storingcomputer-useable instructions that, when used by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: generate a commoncomponent that corresponds to a plurality of copies of the digitalcontent, and a plurality of individual components that each correspondsto and represents one of the plurality of copies of the digital content;and store the common component and each of the plurality of individualcomponents as independent files instead of the plurality of copies ofthe digital content, so as to reduce a required amount of storage spacefrom a first required amount associated with at least the plurality ofcopies of the digital content to a second required amount associatedwith at least the common component and the plurality of individualcomponents.